How to calculate the hidden project of the bathroom?
What should be the amount of concealed engineering materials? How? The cost of concealed engineering materials generally stands at 20% to 30% of the total cost of decoration. After the decoration, it is basically not seen at home, so everyone has no idea about the amount of materials used. In fact, it is not difficult to master the most basic calculation principles. Below we will introduce them according to the construction sequence of concealed works. How to calculate the hidden project of the bathroom? First, the first thing to do is to build a wall, the main material - red brick Square number of masonry walls × thickness of brick wall × 80 × 105% = actual number of red bricks required Brick wall thickness can be divided into 1 brick wall, 1/2 brick wall and 1/4 brick wall. The brickwork of 1 square 1 brick wall is composed of 80 bricks and 85 bricks. If the number of half brick walls is half, it is 40 pieces, and the 1/4 brick wall is halved. There is also a 5% loss in construction. Second, the end of the wall is to be slotted wiring, the main materials - wire, wire Wire and tube: (the distance from the wall of the distribution box to the entrance end of each room + the distance from the line end of each room to the wall of each switch socket) × 108% ≈ The required length of the wire tube above This formula is in the distribution Applicable if the box is not displaced. Also note that the wall distance should be horizontal and vertical, not the length of the diagonal line. Wire: length of switch wire tube × 2 × 103% ≈ need 1.5mm2 wire length socket wire length × 3 × 103% ≈ need 2.5mm2 wire length switch socket wire length can be estimated according to the length of the strong wire pipe, to Make sure that the switch wire or the light wire is worn in the wire tube. Make sure that there are two threads in the switch wire tube and three wires in the socket wire tube. Third, after the completion of the circuit, the waterway can be paralleled, the main materials - water pipes, gas pipes Water pipe: (Walking distance from the water inlet to each water point + wall surrounding distance from each water point to the water outlet) × 105% ≈The water pipe length required by the theory is a hard material, and the whole root needs to be cut off, different The loss of room type characteristics will vary greatly, so this can only be a theoretical number. Gas pipe: the distance from the air inlet to the wall of each gas point is ×105%. The calculation method of the gas pipe length is similar to that of the water pipe, except that there may be some thickness between the main and auxiliary pipes of the gas pipe. It is different. Different specifications may also result in increased losses. Fourth, waterproofing when the mason entering the field, the main material - waterproof coating The floor area of ​​the bathroom + the circumference of the bathroom × 60cm ≈ need to be coated with waterproof area. If you do a shower room instead of a bathtub, the area will increase according to the size of the shower room wall. When buying waterproof, you can convert the number of barrels to be purchased according to the theoretical coating area on the package.
Niobium Metals, plate, bar, wire, tube, target
Niobium belongs to the group of refractory metals. Refractory metals are metals that have a higher melting point than platinum (1 772 °C). In refractory metals, the energy binding the individual atoms together is particularly high. Refractory metals have a high melting pointcoupled with a low vapor pressure, high modulus of elasticity and high thermal stability. Refractory metals are also characterized by a low coefficient of thermal expansion. Compared to other refractory metals, niobium has a relatively low density of only 8.6 g/cm3
Niobium is located in the same period as Molybdenum in the periodic table. Its density and melting point are therefore comparable to those of molybdenum. In the same way as Tantalum, niobium is prone to hydrogen embrittlement. The heat treatment of niobium therefore takes place in a high vacuum and not in a hydrogen atmosphere. Both niobium and tantalum also offer a high level of resistance against all acids and good formability.
At -263.95 °C, niobium has the highest transition temperature of all elements. Below this temperature, niobium is superconducting. And what is more, niobium boasts a very special range of properties:
Properties
Atomic number
41
Atomic mass
92.91
Melting point
2 468 °C / 2 741 K
Boiling point
4 900 °C / 5 173 K
Atomic volume
1.80 · 10-29 [m3]
Vapor pressure
at 1 800 °C
5 · 10-6 [Pa]
at 2 200 °C
4 · 10-3 [Pa]
Density at 20 °C
8.55 [g/cm3]
Crystal structure
body-centered cubic
Lattice constant
329.4 · 10-12 [m]
Hardness at 20 °C
formed
110 - 180 [HV10]
recrystallized
60 - 110 [HV10]
Modulus of elasticity at 20 °C
104 [GPa]
Poisson number
0.35
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion at 20 °C
7.1 · 10-6 [m/(m·K)]
Thermal conductivity at 20 °C
52 [W/(m·K)]
Specific heat at 20 °C
0.27 [J/(g·K)]
Electrical conductivity at 20 °C
7 · 10-6 [1/(Ω·m)]
Specific electrical resistance at 20 °C
0.14 [(Ω·mm2)/m]
Sound speed at 20 °C
Longitudinal wave
4 920 [m/s]
Transverse wave
2 100 [m/s]
Electron work function
4.36 [eV]
Capture cross-section for thermal neutrons
1.15 · 10-28 [m2]
Recrystallization temperature (annealing time:1 hour)
850 - 1 300 [ °C]
Superconductivity (transition temperature)
< -263.95 °C / < 9.2 K
Niobium Bar,High Purity Niobium Bar,Pure Niobium Round Bars,Pure Niobium Bars 99.95% Baoji Shengyuan Metal Material Co., Ltd. , https://www.baojisymetal.com
Purity 99.95% min.
Density 8.6 g/cc
SGS certificate