Broccoli, also known as green cabbage, has a delicious taste and high nutritional value. It is popular in the domestic market and is widely cultivated in many areas. So, how to cultivate a strong broccoli?
But how to cultivate the broccoli of the young and strong has always been a problem that plagues the vegetable farmers. Small-scale cultivation of broccoli for many years, can receive no small benefits every year, a set of methods for cultivating strong seedlings to free themselves, is now shared with everyone, I hope to help everyone. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
First, the growth and development of broccoli seedlings on the environment requirements Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The growth and development of broccoli seedlings include three stages: germination stage, basic vegetative growth period and rapid growth period of seedlings. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The broccoli is cold and cool, and it is a semi-hardy vegetable. The minimum temperature for germination is 3 ° C, the optimum temperature is 20 ~ 25 ° C, the highest temperature is 35 ° C, the plant growth temperature is 20 ~ 22 ° C, and the flower ball will be frozen at a low temperature of -5 ~ -3 ° C. Flower bud differentiation is not strict with low temperature requirements. Early-maturing varieties can pass flower bud differentiation as long as the average temperature is below 20 °C. However, when they are low in the seedling stage, they will form small flower balls and lose their commerciality and reduce yield. The temperature is slower than 8 °C. The flower bud differentiation of mid-late maturity varieties requires lower temperature, so it cannot be cultivated in the hot season, otherwise it will form the inserted flower ball, the hair ball and the focal bud. Therefore, broccoli has stricter requirements on the sowing date. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
Broccoli requires sufficient light, but the length of sunshine is not strict. Its sexuality is moist, but it is not drought-tolerant and impatient. It requires stricter water requirements, especially in the nursery stage. Drought prevention and flood control are the focus of seedling management. It is required that the seedbed soil is loose, fertile, and has good water permeability. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
Second, the seedling method Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The germination method of broccoli is related to its traits and sputum arrangement. The eastern coastal areas of Zhejiang Province generally use open field sowing and shading nets to cover the way of cooling and adding plastic film to cover rain and prevent seedlings. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
Third, the strong seedling standard Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The age is 30~35d, and the leaf age is 5~6 true leaves. It grows vigorously, has no pests and diseases, has thick stems, short internodes, large and thick leaves, normal leaf color, good root development, developed roots and neat plants. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
Fourth, the seedbed preparation Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
1. Seedbed selection The geranium seedlings should be selected for high dryness, well-drained, ventilated and light-transparent, containing loose soil with abundant organic matter, and require fields that have not been planted with cruciferous vegetables for the past two years as seedbeds. Seedling requirements are required to stay in the seedbed at a ratio of 1:20. The seedbed was ploughed in the soil one week before sowing, and 25 kg of high-efficiency compound fertilizer was applied per 667 square meters, and the whole layer was applied deeply; the seedbed was widened 2 m wide, the ditch width was 40~50 cm, the height was 15-20 cm, and the deep ditch sorghum; The bottom is thick and loose, and the face is thin, flat and smooth. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
2. Seedbed disinfection export Broccoli seedlings should strictly implement the national vegetable pollution-free production operation rules, seedbed disinfection use 25% Rydmir 500 times liquid plus 40.7% lesbian 800~1000 times liquid seedling seedling bed for disinfection and sterilization Kill underground pests. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
3. Chemical weeding before sowing to reduce the weeds during the nursery period, while reducing the cost of seedling production, it is safe to use, and the dry herbicides with a wide range of herbicides are used. The dosage is 70% Duer EC 20mL plus 15kg. Spray the noodles before and water the soaked seedbed. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
4. Soil moisture regulation before sowing. During the completion of the above work, the soil moisture of the seedbed must be adjusted. The soil moisture is too small, which affects the seed swell and germination. If the humidity is too high, the soil will be closed. Therefore, the principle of water regulation before germination of broccoli is soaking and soaking, and seeping water in the gully, which can not only reduce the porosity between the soil, but also prevent the geranium seeds from sinking into the seedlings, and the practice shows that the soil is wet and dry and the emergence is good or bad. D. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
V. Sowing Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
1. Determine the reasonable sowing date The main basis for determining the sowing date is the variety characteristics, weather conditions and cultivation purposes. The sowing date of early-maturing varieties such as green wind and breeze in the eastern coastal areas of Zhejiang Province is from mid-July to mid-August; the early sowing varieties such as excellent sowing period are in August and mid-April; the mid-maturing varieties such as green belt and marathon are sowed. It is from late August to early September; the late sowing varieties such as Meilu 90 and Fuxing are planted from mid-September to early October. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
2. Determine the reasonable seeding amount The seed of broccoli is small. In order to ensure the number of seedlings used in the field and to make the seedlings have sufficient growth space, the amount of field seeds must be scientifically calculated. The calculation formula is: seed dosage (g/667 square meters) = [number of seedlings / 667 square meters × (1 + safety factor)] × seed 1000-grain weight germination rate. The germination rate of qualified seeds is more than 85%, and the safety factor for breeding seedlings is 80%. At present, the 1000-grain weight of the main varieties is 3.17g, green belt 3.6g, plum green 90 is 5.56g, super force 2.96g, Fuxing 3.94g. The calculated amount of 667 square meters of field is excellent 12g, green belt 15g, plum green 90 is 20g, super force 12g, Fuxing 15g. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
3. Sowing and sowing must be uniform. The seedlings are usually seeded with fine sand and seeded with dry seeds, and the broccoli seeds are evenly sown on the prepared seedbed. The sowing time should be selected in the evening or cloudy days. Generally, the broccoli seeds are not covered with fine soil after sowing, but the method of spraying the seeds with the fine nozzles to make the seeds and the noodles in close contact is adopted, and then the glutinous surface is covered with 2~3 layers. The sunshade net shades cool and moisturize. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
Six, seedbed management Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
1. Germination and emergence of broccoli from germination to emergence requires 2~3 days and nights, the time is short, but the management requirements are high, the focus should be strengthened observation, from the overall environmental conditions of the seedling stage, pay attention to the two main factors of temperature and moisture adjustment. . During the whole germination period, field observations should be made in the morning, afternoon, and evening three times to observe the seed germination, the wetness of the soil on the kneading surface and the intensity of sunshine or the drainage of the rainy days. During the sunny days and high temperatures in July-September, the germination and emergence period mainly relies on watering to adjust the soil temperature, so that the soil temperature is maintained at a suitable temperature of 25~30 °C, in order to facilitate normal emergence. Watering can be done in the afternoon and in the evening, trying to avoid rainy weather after watering. During this period, cover the 2~3 day and night sunshade nets to cool down and rain. After the emergence of the two cotyledons, the sunshade nets will be removed in time. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
2. Management of the basic vegetative period of the seedlings The cotyledons turn green to 2 leaves and 1 heart stage is the basic vegetative period of broccoli seedlings. The geranium seedlings leaves and turn green and enter the independent autotrophic stage. If the roots grow and absorb poorly in this period , or the temperature in the seedbed is too high, it is easy to make the seedling growth and development. With the growth, expansion and leaf area expansion of true leaves, the role of cotyledons after 2 leaves and 1 heart period is gradually lost. The management of this period is the key to cultivating strong seedlings. In management, we mainly do a good job in these aspects. First, we will build a small arch shed in time and cover the sunshade net. On sunny days, from 8 am to 4 pm, the shade net was cooled, and the sunshade net was removed during the rest of the day. The cloudy time and light rain did not cover the net, and the intermittent cover time lasted for one week. The second is to strengthen water management. After the rain, clear the ditch and drain in time to ensure that there is no water in the field; The third is to prevent typhoons and heavy rain. Pay close attention to the forecast of severe weather such as typhoon and heavy rain. Before the typhoon and heavy rain come, do a good job of various disaster prevention measures. You can cover the agricultural film on the small arch shed, and then roll the agricultural film into a vent with an arch every 2m. Ventilation and dehumidification, a film is pressed between the two arches by the pile head, and the agricultural film is covered with a sunshade net and fixed with a nylon rope or a film line and the pile head. After the typhoon and rainstorm, timely remove the facilities such as agricultural film and shading net to prevent the seedlings from growing. The fourth is to strengthen the prevention of pests and diseases. After the emergence of the seedlings to the 1st and 1st heart period, use 40.7% of the espresso 800 times solution and 3% of the Jinggangmycin 500 times solution to prevent the damage of the locusts and prevent the occurrence of blight and rickets. 2 leaves 1 heart period and then use 75% chlorothalonil 1000 times solution plus 3% Jinggangmycin 500 times solution to prevent blight and rickets. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
3. Rapid seedling management of seedlings Seedlings 2 Leaves 1 After entering the rapid growth period, 90% of the growth of seedlings is formed during this period. At this time, the temperature is still high, and the root system is formed and grows very fast. In order to cultivate strong seedlings, the management of this period should be dominated by control. In management, we must do a good job in these aspects: First, continue to do a good job of preventing typhoons and heavy rains, and refer to the basic nutrient growth period of seedlings. The second is to continue to do a good job in seeing dry and seeing wet water management work. The third is to do the seedling work of the 2 leaves and 1 heart period, so that the seedling bed seedling growth space reaches a uniform level of 10 square centimeters per plant, ensuring that 667 square meters of seedlings reach 50,000 plants. The fourth is to control the fertilization during the whole seedling growth period, but a small amount of urea can be applied to the weak seedlings to promote the balance. The fifth is to strengthen the prevention and control of insect pests. In the occurrence period of insect pests, P. xylostella and P. rapae and R. rapae can be controlled with 5% Regent 1500 times solution; beet armyworm and beetle are treated with 20% liquid 1000 times liquid and 10% beta-cypermethrin 1500 times liquid. Spodoptera litura; control aphids with 10% imidacloprid 3000 times solution. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
Seven, seedlings out and management Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
After the management of the above series of measures, the seedlings must be planted into the field in time when they are 5~6 leaves. 2d before transplanting, use a small amount of urea to apply the body fat, check and prevent the pests and diseases, and bring the medicine with fertilizer and mud to transplant the seedlings. When the seedlings are planted, the nursery is watered to prevent root damage, and the uniform growth of the large seedlings is selected. After the seedlings are planted, water is poured in time to facilitate the growth and development of the seedlings left behind, and the seedlings are cultivated for 1 week and become strong seedlings. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
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Forstner Bits
Forstner bits, flat-bottomed to drill holes in wood materials, they can cut on the edge of a block of wood, and can cut overlapping holes; for such applications they are normally used in drill presses or lathes rather than in hand-held electric drills. Because of the flat bottom of the hole, they are useful for drilling through veneer already glued to add an inlay.
The bit includes a center point which guides it throughout the cut (and incidentally spoils the otherwise flat bottom of the hole). The cylindrical cutter around the perimeter shears the wood fibers at the edge of the bore, and also helps guide the bit into the material more precisely.
Forstner bits have radial cutting edges to plane off the material at the bottom of the hole. The bits shown in the images have two radial edges; other designs may have more. Forstner bits have no mechanism to clear chips from the hole, and therefore must be pulled out periodically.
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