Discussion on the action of non-metallic inclusions in the process of bearing steel
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Bearing steel is a critical metallurgical product used extensively in mechanical manufacturing, railway transportation, automotive production, and national defense industries. With the rapid advancement of technology, the demand for bearings has become increasingly stringent, requiring high durability, stability, and reliability. This necessitates that the impurity content in bearing materials be reduced to extremely low levels. Impurities dissolved in the steel can disrupt the continuity of the matrix, thereby negatively affecting the performance and lifespan of the bearings.
Non-metallic inclusions are closely related to their composition and play a significant role during processes such as melting, refining, and casting. Understanding the behavior and changes of these inclusions throughout the production process is essential for further improving the quality of bearing steel.
In the current production process of GCr15 bearing steel at an electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking plant, the steps include: 100-ton EAF melting → LF refining station → VD vacuum treatment → continuous casting using a 150mm × 150mm billet caster.
Research findings reveal several key points:
1. The main impurities in this process are Al₂O₃, sulfides, and large composite inclusions containing calcium and magnesium.
2. After VD treatment, the amount of debris is slightly reduced, with point-like impurities such as alumina and sulfides significantly decreasing. However, ferrochrome and silicates remain more prominent.
3. The size of various impurities can be controlled below 10 micrometers. In the LF sample, 50% of the impurities are less than 10 micrometers, while 90% of those after VD treatment are under 10 micrometers. In the final material, most impurities are below 5 micrometers.
4. Alumina inclusions mainly originate from aluminum deoxidation products and refractory materials. Sulfides tend to nucleate on oxides like alumina, and they also form due to chemical reactions between sulfur and elements such as calcium and iron in the steel. Punctate non-deformable inclusions are primarily from deoxidation products, while calcium and magnesium come from the furnace lining and slag.
Understanding and controlling non-metallic inclusions is crucial for producing high-quality bearing steel that meets modern industrial demands.
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