Descent, which is the use of the friction of ropes and descenders to safely control the speed along the rope's descent, is a technical climb and an integral part of the rapids rescue technique.

The first section of rescue guidelines in rappelling rapids

Figure 18-1-1

Figure 18-1-2

1. The drowning people in the rapids drift down from the upstream, and the rescuers are at the heights of the downstream bridges or obstacles, observe the flow of the drownings after observation; locate and erect the rope fixing points at the high point, and the rescue team assists the rescue descent into the water (Figure 18-1). -1 ) After intercepting the culprit , take a trip downstream (Figure 18-1-2 ), and then ensure that the downstream personnel assist in the evacuation and medical treatment.

2. The use of rapids rescue equipment and rappelling equipment (Fig. 18-1-5 ). The rescue personnel must perform the safest operation during the entire operation.

3 , before dropping into the water rescue action assessment:

( 1 ) Weakness and nervousness. ( 2 ) The weather is not good. ( 3 ) Insufficient skills and training. Both will affect the safety of the rescue personnel and they should stop all actions immediately.

Figure 18-1-3

Figure 18-1-4

Figure 18-1-5 emergency rescue standard equipment and equipment with vertical drop rescue

The second section rappelling basic concepts

Drooping is one of the dangerous technologies used by rescue workers. Because it is simple and quick to learn, it often causes people to ignore the dangers and regrets. Therefore, with standard equipment and rigorous training, the search and rescue personnel can be ensured. life safety. When raping down, it completely depends on rope fixing points, equipment, and skilled techniques. If any error occurs in any part of the rappelling system, the result will be very serious. Unlike a security system that is stressed when someone falls, the rappelling system is not impractical, so setting the rappelling system is an important priority.

(I) Basic descent system

Figure 18-2-1

Fixing points, shackles, rappelling methods to create friction on the ropes, and rappelling aid personnel are important at every stage. Before rappelling, it is important to check whether these links are located, function properly, and can be linked together to form a rappelling system.

Fig. 18-2-2

Figure 18-2-3

(b) Hanging rope fixing points

Look for the rappelling fixed point first. The entire rappel system is linked to this position. The rappelling anchor point must be carefully selected, paying attention to its strength and reliability. Selecting a fixed point is a very important task. The rappelling point of the rope must be strong enough to support your weight and withstand the unexpected sudden drop.

Figure 18-2-4

Figure 18-2-5

The closer the setting of the fixed point is to the side of the vertical drop path, the better. This ensures the stability and safety of the fixed point. When looking for a rope fixing point, first think about its possible impact on the rope. Any sharp edges may damage or cut the rope after the rope is loaded. You can use the rope protection sleeve to protect the rope in time.

(three) rappel

1 , rappelling method is the use of friction on the rope to control the speed of descent, but also very firmly connected to the rope, the use of equipment rappelling system, the double rope through the friction strap attached to the harness ( such as eight characters Rings, descenders, etc. ) .

2. Rescue workers need to seize the rope to control the size and speed of the friction. Special attention should be paid in unfamiliar environments.

3. The body should keep a vertical angle with the rope when descending. The rate of descent should be reduced every time a certain distance is dropped to prevent it from falling for too long. Because of the acceleration of gravity, the speed of falling is too fast to control. The body is in a semi-sitting position when descending. The knees are gently bent and gently moved. The feet are separated and relaxed vertically. The head is rotated slightly at an angle of 45 degrees to observe the obstacles in the descending path.

Fig. 18-2-6

Fig. 18-2-7

The third quarter rappelling rescue personal basic equipment

(a) O -type shackle

The earliest shape of the shackle is symmetric, and the shape is round and sharp without sharp corners; because there is more space inside the shackle, it is possible to hang several pieces of equipment without crowding, and with smooth curved sides, the shackle is forced It will not be moved arbitrarily, so it is the best choice for artificial climbing. If you want to use the hook and loop to descend, it is best to choose O -type shackles to operate. In terms of strength, due to the shape relationship, the long axis of the O -shaped shackle (which is an imaginary axis, the two points farthest from the hook and loop) receives equal force on both sides, so the load on the opening part will be Other shapes of shackles are large, resulting in poor overall strength. Therefore, O -rings are rarely used for direct force.

(b) D -type shackle

Its exterior design impact force through the English letter " D " type to bear, so it bears the greatest strength and weight ratio; its weight is also less than the same material made of the same size O -shaped shackle, but The bearing strength is relatively large; due to the gate design of the D -type shackle, it also makes it easier to hook the equipment or secure the device.

(c) D -type safety shackle

A device attached to the gate can lock the shackle and increase the safety of the shackle! Normally we call it an insurance shackle. Usually we use this kind of shackle in places where there is a special need to determine safety, such as when raping down, helping others to make sure, or when setting up a long distance climb. The first sure point.

Its safety devices are usually divided into two types: rotating and self-locking; the rotating safety shackles are required to rotate the safety device to a safe position after the gate is closed to complete the insurance; automatic locking insurance The device itself has a spring device. Once the gate is closed, the safety device locks the gate by its own spring device to achieve the insurance effect.

(D) ensure that the ring

 

There are many kinds of ascertainers today, and they are easy to use. The generally known assuring device has an eight-character ring and a brake ensurer. Before you use it, you must make sure that it is forged and that you use an eight-character ring. It is easy to cause the rope to distort, it is difficult to cause a drop, and the speed of the rope is slow. If you are not very familiar with the use of the eight-character ring, the rope may slide out and increase when a fall occurs. Falling distances may cause the rope to wear out. If a brake ensurer is used, this event can be greatly reduced.

(five) rope

Rescue rappelling ropes are divided into main ropes and auxiliary ropes. The thickness of the main rope is about 9 - 12 mm. In principle, the main rope is used in double bars, and the auxiliary rope is used in a single bar. The length is about 45-50 meters. The rope is composed of "rope" and "rope". The inner rope core is the main part of the rope to bear the strength. The outer rope skin is tightly woven around the rope core to prevent the rope core from being worn when the rope is used. The extent of the vertical drop rope can absorb and dissipate most of the kinetic energy generated by the climber when it falls, so as not to allow the drooping person to withstand these enormous impact forces.

1 , rope specifications

12mm Use more dangerous climbing or rescue master ropes.

11mm Standard climbing rope.

9mm Climbing training use.

8mm Drop rope and loop.

6mm Rope loop and Prussian rope loop.

5mm Rope loop and Prussian rope loop.

3mm Generally used rope.

2 , rope maintenance

( 1 ) Avoid stepping on the rope to prevent sharp objects from piercing the rope.

( 2 ) Do not drag the rope to the ground to prevent debris and fine sand from remaining between the fibers.

( 3 ) Do not place ropes on sharp rocks, especially under heavy loads.

( 4 ) Keep the ropes properly dry and store them after drying.

( 5 ) Untie all the knots on the rope after use and before storage.

( 6 ) The appearance of the rope should be replaced immediately.

(6) Safety harness

Hanging straps with a lot of features, sports climbing (fixed and adjustable leg rings), material selection of more wear-resistant non-absorbent material to meet the harsh terrain and weather, adjust the leg ring easy to use. Usually used in rappelling or upstream activities.

(7) Hard helmets

※General-purpose helmet for rapids can be used universally

The helmet is used to keep the head from falling and the head is hit by a falling rock, and the helmet-shaped cap should be equipped with a fixed buckle so that the helmet can not fall off due to impact. In addition, once the helmet has been impacted, its strength is significantly reduced.

(8) Non-slip gloves

It is advisable to wear tough gloves when slipping, because the impact is strong when it slides off, and the hand burns severely due to friction and there is an accident that it will fall out of hand.

Section 11 Rope Rescue Technique

( 1 ) V -type rope rescue technology

(B) V type system

(III) T -system

(4) Boat Rope Rescue System

In the more turbulent waters of complex reefs, it is impossible to use the rubber boat motor to move. T -type rescue systems and rubber boats can be used in combination to carry out rescue operations.

Rescue method and steps

1. Rescue workers can set up high ropes at suitable locations on both banks. Tie one end of the rope as a fixed point, and the other end can straighten the rope with a mechanical gain method.

2. Put the pulley on the high rope so that it can move left and right on the rope.

This article is reproduced from WeChat public number: retrograde.